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Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country located in Southeast Asia, on the eastern margin of the Indochinese Peninsula. It shares land borders with China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and has an extensive coastline along the South China Sea to the east and south, as well as the Gulf of Tonkin and the Gulf of Thailand. Hanoi, located in the north, is the capital city, while Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) in the south is the largest city and economic hub. Vietnam's geography is characterized by its long, narrow, S-shaped configuration, with mountainous regions dominating more than two-thirds of the country, including the Annamite Range, and two major fertile river deltas: the Red River Delta in the north and the Mekong River Delta in the south.

History and Culture:
Vietnam boasts one of the oldest and most continuous histories in the world, with its civilization deeply influenced by millennia of interaction with China. After over a thousand years of Chinese rule, Vietnam regained independence in 938 CE, leading to a long period of independent dynasties. The 20th century saw French colonial rule, followed by vietnam mobile numbers list Japanese occupation during World War II, and ultimately the devastating Vietnam War (Second Indochina War) that divided the country. Vietnam was reunified under communist rule in 1976. This tumultuous history has forged a resilient and proud national identity. Vietnamese is the official language. The population is predominantly ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh), with over 50 recognized ethnic minority groups, particularly in the mountainous regions. While officially a secular state, traditional beliefs, Buddhism, and folk religions are widely practiced, alongside Catholicism and other faiths. Vietnamese culture is rich in traditional arts, folk music, festivals (like Tet Nguyen Dan), and a globally celebrated cuisine that balances sweet, sour, salty, and spicy flavors.

Political Landscape (as of mid-2025):
Vietnam is a one-party socialist republic governed by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The political landscape in early to mid-2025 has been marked by significant government restructuring and streamlining efforts. In February 2025, the National Assembly approved the largest government overhaul in decades, consolidating ministries and agencies and reducing the size of the civil service. This reform agenda, aiming to become a developed, high-income nation by 2045, focuses on strengthening governance, improving public service efficiency, and enhancing accountability and transparency, particularly in the stock market. Efforts are also underway to streamline the judiciary system and potentially merge provincial-level administrative units.

Economy (as of mid-2025):
Vietnam has a rapidly growing, market-oriented economy, widely considered one of Asia Pacific's most remarkable improvers. It is classified as a lower-middle-income country with aspirations to become a high-income nation by 2045.