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Canada, the second-largest country in the world by total area, stretches across the northern portion of North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward to the Arctic Ocean. A vast and diverse land, Canada is globally recognized for its breathtaking natural beauty, its commitment to multiculturalism, its robust democratic institutions, and its consistent role as a peaceful and progressive player on the world stage.

The history of Canada is a rich tapestry woven from Indigenous heritage, European exploration, and the gradual evolution of a self-governing nation. Indigenous peoples, including First Nations, Inuit, and Métis, have inhabited this land for thousands of years, developing complex societies and diverse cultures long before European contact. Norse explorers reached parts of Canada around 1000 AD, but sustained European colonization began in the late 15th and early 16th centuries with French and British expeditions. The rivalry between France and Britain for control of North America culminated in the Seven Years' War, after which British rule was established across most of the continent. The Quebec Act of 1774 preserved French civil law and guaranteed religious freedom for Catholics in Quebec, laying early groundwork for Canada's bicultural identity.

The fear of American expansionism and a desire for greater self-governance led to the formation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867, uniting several British colonies under a federal system. This marked a peaceful canada mobile numbers list transition towards independence, largely free from the revolutionary upheavals seen elsewhere. Over the next century, more provinces and territories joined, and Canada gradually gained full autonomy from the United Kingdom, culminating with the Constitution Act of 1982, which fully patriated the Canadian Constitution. Throughout the 20th century, Canada played significant roles in both World Wars and established itself as a middle power committed to multilateralism, peacekeeping, and humanitarian aid.

Geographically, Canada's immense size results in an extraordinary diversity of landscapes and climates. The country is dominated by the vast Canadian Shield, a bedrock region rich in minerals and covered by forests and lakes, particularly in the east and central parts. The majestic Rocky Mountains define its western border, offering stunning peaks, glaciers, and national parks. Further west, British Columbia features a rugged coastline and temperate rainforests. The central prairies are characterized by vast, fertile agricultural lands. In the far north, the Arctic tundra and frozen seas dominate, home to unique wildlife and Indigenous communities. Canada boasts the world's longest coastline and contains more lakes than any other country, holding a significant portion of the world's freshwater reserves. This diverse geography contributes to a wide range of natural resources, from oil and gas to timber and minerals.

Canadian culture is celebrated for its multiculturalism, a defining characteristic enshrined in official policy. The country actively encourages immigrants to maintain their cultural heritage, creating a vibrant mosaic of languages, traditions, and cuisines. While English and French are the two official languages, spoken by the majority of the population, over 200 other languages are spoken across the country. Canadian culture is often perceived as polite, tolerant, and relatively reserved, with a strong emphasis on community and social responsibility. Iconic symbols include the maple leaf, the beaver, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Ice hockey is the undisputed national sport and a source of immense pride, though lacrosse is also a historically significant national sport. Canadian contributions to arts and literature, from Margaret Atwood and Alice Munro to Drake and Justin Bieber, have gained global recognition.