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Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula and the birthplace of Islam. This sprawling desert nation holds immense global significance, not only as the spiritual heart of the Muslim world, home to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, but also as a dominant force in the global energy market. For decades, its identity and economy have been intrinsically linked to its vast oil reserves. However, under the ambitious Vision 2030 framework, Saudi Arabia is actively pursuing a monumental transformation, seeking to diversify its economy, modernize its society, and reshape its international image. This sweeping initiative aims to transition the kingdom from an oil-dependent state to a diversified economy with a thriving private sector, a vibrant society, and an ambitious nation. The scale of this transformation, encompassing economic, social, and cultural reforms, positions Saudi Arabia as a dynamic and closely watched player on the world stage.

The history of modern Saudi Arabia begins with King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud), who, starting in 1902, unified various regions of the Arabian Peninsula, including the Hejaz, Najd, and parts of Eastern and Southern Arabia, into a single state by 1932. This unification laid the foundation for the absolute monarchy that continues to govern the nation today, adhering to Islamic law (Sharia). Prior to this, the Arabian Peninsula was home to ancient civilizations and was the crucible for the emergence of saudi arabia mobile numbers list Islam in the 7th century CE, led by the Prophet Muhammad. The holy cities of Mecca and Medina have since been central to Islamic pilgrimage and scholarship, attracting millions of Muslims annually for the Hajj and Umrah. The discovery of oil in 1938 and its commercial production after World War II dramatically altered Saudi Arabia's trajectory, propelling it into immense wealth and geopolitical influence. For much of the 20th century, the kingdom's foreign policy and domestic development were largely shaped by its role as the world's leading oil producer and exporter, enabling massive investments in infrastructure, social services, and education. However, this reliance on a single commodity also highlighted the need for long-term economic sustainability, setting the stage for the current era of profound reform under Vision 2030, championed by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

Geographically, Saudi Arabia occupies the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, making it the 12th largest country in the world. Its landscape is predominantly arid desert, including the vast Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter), one of the world's largest contiguous sand deserts. To the west, along the Red Sea coast, lie the rugged Hijaz and Asir mountain ranges, offering stark, dramatic scenery and slightly more moderate climates in elevated areas. The country boasts extensive coastlines on both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, providing crucial maritime trade routes and access to global shipping lanes. The climate is primarily a hot desert climate, characterized by extremely high summer temperatures often exceeding 45°C (113°F) inland, and relatively mild winters. Rainfall is scarce and irregular across most of the country. This harsh geography has historically shaped Bedouin nomadic traditions, which remain a significant cultural influence, emphasizing hospitality, resilience, and strong tribal bonds. The scarcity of water has also driven innovative solutions in desalination and water management, which are vital for supporting its growing urban centers like Riyadh, Jeddah, and the holy cities.