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Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country located in western South America. It is bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Lima, a sprawling coastal metropolis, serves as the capital and largest city, acting as the nation's political, economic, and cultural heart. Peru's geography is remarkably diverse and dramatic, encompassing three main regions: the arid Pacific coastal plain, the towering Andes Mountains (home to some of the highest peaks in the Americas) that run through its center, and the vast, lush Amazon rainforest to the east.

Peru boasts one of the oldest and richest cultural heritages in the world, tracing back to ancient civilizations such as the Norte Chico, Moche, Nazca, and most famously, the Inca Empire, which was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century led to the fall of the Inca Empire and the establishment of peru mobile numbers list the Viceroyalty of Peru, a major center of Spanish colonial power. Peru gained its independence in 1821. This long and complex history has forged a unique Peruvian identity, a vibrant blend of indigenous Andean traditions and Spanish colonial influences. Spanish is the official language, but Quechua and Aymara, indigenous languages, are also widely spoken, particularly in the Andean highlands. The population is primarily Mestizo (mixed indigenous and European ancestry), with significant indigenous, European, and Afro-Peruvian communities. Catholicism is the predominant religion. Peruvian culture is celebrated globally for its rich archaeological sites (Machu Picchu being the most iconic), colorful textiles, traditional music (like Andean folk and Creole music), and its world-renowned gastronomy, which has achieved international acclaim for its fusion of indigenous ingredients with European, African, and Asian culinary techniques.

Economically, Peru is a developing country with a diverse and growing economy, classified as an upper-middle-income nation. Its prosperity is largely driven by its abundant natural resources. Peru is a leading global producer of various minerals, including copper, gold, silver, and zinc, with mining being a cornerstone of its economy. Other significant sectors include agriculture (producing asparagus, grapes, avocados, coffee, and more), fishing (it's a major producer of fishmeal), and manufacturing. Tourism is also a vital and rapidly expanding sector, drawing millions of visitors annually to iconic destinations like Machu Picchu, the Nazca Lines, Lake Titicaca, and the Amazon rainforest. The government has focused on maintaining macroeconomic stability, attracting foreign investment, and improving infrastructure to support continued growth. Despite its economic progress, Peru faces challenges such as income inequality, informal labor, and vulnerability to commodity price fluctuations and climate change impacts. However, its rich natural endowments and strategic location continue to offer significant potential for future development.