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Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island nation located in South Asia, situated in the Indian Ocean. It lies southeast of the Indian subcontinent, separated by the Palk Strait. Colombo, a bustling port city, is the commercial capital and largest city, while Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, a suburb of Colombo, serves as the legislative capital. The island's geography is remarkably diverse for its size, featuring low, flat to rolling plains in much of the country, with a rugged, mountainous "upcountry" in the south-central interior that includes Pidurutalagala, the highest point at 2,524 meters (8,281 ft). Its extensive coastline, stretching over 1,340 kilometers, boasts scenic sandy beaches and lagoons.

History and Culture:
Sri Lanka has a rich and continuous history of human settlement spanning over two millennia, with its civilization largely shaped by that of the Indian subcontinent. The island's two major ethnic groups, the sri lanka mobile numbers list Sinhalese and the Tamils, and its two dominant religions, Buddhism and Hinduism, largely arrived from India. Buddhism, in particular, has flourished in Sri Lanka, especially among the Sinhalese, even as it declined in India. The island experienced centuries of foreign rule, including by the Portuguese, Dutch, and ultimately the British, from whom it gained independence in 1948 as Ceylon, later becoming the Republic of Sri Lanka in 1972. This complex history has given rise to a culturally rich and diverse society. Sinhalese and Tamil are the official languages, with English also widely spoken, particularly in urban areas and for official and commercial purposes. The population is predominantly Buddhist (Theravada), with significant Hindu, Muslim, and Christian minorities. Sri Lankan culture is famous for its vibrant festivals, traditional music and dance, intricate arts and crafts (like masks and lacework), and a distinctive cuisine that blends spices and local ingredients.

Demographics and Society:
Sri Lanka is home to a population of over 21 million people, with the majority being Sinhalese (around 75%). The Sri Lankan Tamils constitute the largest minority (around 11%), followed by Sri Lankan Moors (Muslims) and Indian Tamils. The country has a high literacy rate and has made significant progress in human development indicators. While it faced a protracted civil war (1983-2009) rooted in ethnic tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists, efforts are ongoing to foster reconciliation and national unity. Sri Lanka is also notable for its progressive view on women in its history, having the world's first female prime minister, Sirimavo Bandaranaike.

Economy and Challenges:
Sri Lanka's economy is a mixed, developing economy. Historically, it has relied on agriculture, particularly the export of tea (Ceylon tea is world-renowned), rubber, and coconons. Other key sectors include textiles and apparel manufacturing, tourism, and remittances from overseas workers. The services sector accounts for a significant portion of the GDP.