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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southernmost tip of the African continent. It has a long coastline bordering the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and shares land borders with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), and Lesotho (which is entirely landlocked within South Africa). Pretoria is the administrative capital, Cape Town is the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital. Johannesburg is the largest city and the economic powerhouse. South Africa's geography is incredibly diverse, ranging from vast interior plateaus and grasslands to dramatic mountain ranges (like the Drakensberg), deserts, and lush coastal areas, earning it the nickname "A World in One Country."

History and Political Landscape:
South Africa's history is deeply marked by its past. It was home to early human ancestors and various indigenous groups, including the Khoisan and later Bantu-speaking peoples like the Zulu and Xhosa. European colonization began in 1652 with the Dutch, followed by the British. This led to a system of racial segregation and discrimination known as south africa mobile numbers list apartheid, which was institutionalized from 1948 to 1994. The dismantling of apartheid, largely driven by the African National Congress (ANC) and figures like Nelson Mandela, led to the first democratic elections in 1994.

South Africa is a constitutional democracy with a multi-party system. In the May 2024 general election, the ANC, for the first time since 1994, lost its absolute majority in the legislature. This led to the formation of a Government of National Unity in July 2024, led by the ANC and its main rival, the Democratic Alliance (DA), with support from several smaller parties. President Cyril Ramaphosa, the leader of the ANC, was re-elected for a second term in June 2024. This new political landscape marks a significant shift in South African politics, aiming for broader collaboration across the political spectrum.

Culture and Demographics:
South Africa is often referred to as the "Rainbow Nation" due to its rich cultural and ethnic diversity. The population of over 64 million (as of Q1 2025) is predominantly Black African (around 81%), with significant Coloured (mixed-race), White, and Indian/Asian minorities. The country has 12 official languages, reflecting its diverse heritage: isiZulu, isiXhosa, Afrikaans, English, Sepedi, Setswana, Sesotho, Xitsonga, siSwati, Tshivenda, isiNdebele, and South African Sign Language. English is widely used in government and business. South African culture is a vibrant blend of indigenous traditions, European influences, and contributions from other immigrant communities, expressed through music (like Kwaito, Maskandi, and Isicathamiya), dance, art, and a distinctive cuisine (e.g., braai and bobotie).

Economy (as of mid-2025):
South Africa has Africa's largest and most diversified economy, classified as an upper-middle-income country. In 2025, it reclaimed its position as Africa's largest economy by nominal GDP, projected at $410.34 billion, surpassing Egypt. The economy is well-diversified, with key sectors