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Ukraine, officially Ukraine, is a country in Eastern Europe, bordering Russia to the east and northeast, Belarus to the north, Poland and Slovakia to the west, and Hungary, Romania, and Moldova to the southwest. It also has a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. Kyiv is the capital and largest city, serving as its political, economic, and cultural center. Ukraine is the second-largest country in Europe by area. Its geography is characterized by fertile plains (steppes), the Carpathian Mountains in the west, and a network of rivers, including the Dnipro, which flows through the heart of the country.

History and Culture:
Ukraine has a deep-rooted history, with human habitation dating back to 32,000 BC. In the Middle Ages, it was a crucial center of East Slavic culture under the state of Kievan Rus', which emerged in the 9th century and became one of the largest and most powerful realms in Europe. Over subsequent centuries, the territory was contested and ruled by ukraine mobile numbers list various external powers, including the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. Ukrainian nationalism developed, leading to a brief period of independence after the 1917 Russian Revolution. It then became the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. Ukraine suffered immense losses during the Holodomor (a man-made famine in the early 1930s) and World War II. Ukraine gained full independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Ukrainian culture is deeply rooted in its agrarian past and Orthodox Christian faith, blended with influences from its neighbors. Ukrainian is the official language. The majority of the population is ethnically Ukrainian, with Russian being the largest minority. Key cultural aspects include traditional folk arts, vibrant embroidery (vyshyvanka), Pysanka (decorated Easter eggs), and a distinctive cuisine featuring dishes like borscht and varenyky.

Current Situation (as of mid-2025):
The most defining aspect of Ukraine's current situation is the ongoing full-scale invasion by Russia, which began in February 2022. This war has had devastating consequences, including significant loss of life, widespread destruction of infrastructure, and a massive displacement of its population (estimated at around 38-39 million in 2025, a significant decrease from pre-2022 figures due to migration and occupation).

Political and Military Landscape:
Ukraine is a unitary state with a semi-presidential republic system. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy leads the country's defense efforts. The political focus remains entirely on resisting the Russian aggression and securing international support. Peace talks have been held, but Russia's demands, which include territorial concessions and limitations on Ukraine's sovereignty and military, are largely seen as unacceptable by Ukraine. Ukraine continues to rely heavily on military, financial, and humanitarian aid from its Western allies, particularly the United States and European Union, to sustain its defense and economy. There is an ongoing effort to scale up domestic weapons production and secure long-term military assistance. The conflict is characterized by grinding attrition warfare along extended front lines, particularly in eastern and southern Ukraine, with Russia also conducting regular missile and drone strikes targeting Ukrainian cities and critical infrastructure.

Economy:
Ukraine's economy has been severely impacted by the war. While classified as a transition economy, it has faced significant challenges. GDP growth is expected to slow in 2025, with various forecasts ranging from 2.0% to 3.3%. This slowdown is attributed to the continued pressure on productive capacity, weakened exports due to disruptions, and high energy costs. Agriculture, historically a strong sector (Ukraine is a major global grain exporter), has seen reduced output due to the war. External financial support from international partners, including the EU, G7, and IMF, is crucial for financing Ukraine's budget deficit and maintaining macroeconomic stability. Inflation remains elevated but is projected to decline by the end of 2025 as the central bank maintains tight monetary policy. Reconstruction needs are immense, and a significant portion of future economic growth is contingent on the cessation of hostilities and substantial investment.