Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia to the west, Brazil to the south, and Guyana to the east, with a long Caribbean coastline to the north. Caracas, the capital and largest city, is a major economic and cultural center. Venezuela's geography is diverse, encompassing the Andes Mountains in the northwest, extensive plains (llanos) in the center, and the Amazon rainforest in the south.
History and Political Landscape (as of mid-2025):
Venezuela's history is marked by its struggle for independence from Spain, achieved in 1821, initially as part of Gran Colombia before becoming an independent republic in 1830. The 20th century saw periods venezuela mobile numbers list of military rule interspersed with democratic interludes, eventually leading to the socialist-oriented "Bolivarian Revolution" initiated by Hugo Chávez in the late 1990s.
The country is currently in a state of deep political crisis, intensified following the July 2024 presidential election. While the government-controlled National Electoral Council (CNE) declared Nicolás Maduro the winner for a third consecutive term, these results have been widely criticized as neither free nor fair by international observers, including the Carter Center, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the United Nations. There is strong evidence from academics, news outlets, and the opposition suggesting that opposition candidate Edmundo González Urrutia won by a significant margin. This has led to ongoing political repression, with arbitrary arrests of opposition figures, restrictions on civil liberties, and censorship. The government has also passed a new law to tightly regulate non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and their funding. Discontent with the Maduro regime remains widespread, but avenues for political change are severely restricted.
Culture and Demographics:
Spanish is the official language of Venezuela. The population is estimated to be around 28.5 million in mid-2025. This figure reflects a significant out-migration, with approximately 7.8 million refugees and migrants having fled the country over the past decade due to the economic and humanitarian crisis. The population is predominantly Mestizo (mixed European and Indigenous), with significant European, Indigenous, and Afro-Venezuelan minorities. Catholicism is the dominant religion. Venezuelan culture is a vibrant blend of Indigenous, African, and European (especially Spanish) influences, known for its diverse music (like joropo), traditional dances, and a rich culinary tradition.
Economy (as of mid-2025):
Venezuela possesses the world's largest proven oil reserves, and its economy has historically been heavily reliant on oil exports. However, it has been in a severe economic crisis for years, characterized by hyperinflation, widespread shortages, and a dramatic decline in GDP.
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