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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country located in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered by the United States to the north; Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; and has extensive coastlines along the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Gulf of Mexico to the east, and the Caribbean Sea to the southeast. Mexico City, a sprawling metropolis, is the capital and largest city, serving as the nation's political, economic, and cultural heart. Mexico's vast and varied geography includes high plateaus, rugged mountains (like the Sierra Madres), coastal plains, and diverse climates ranging from arid deserts in the north to tropical rainforests in the south.

History and Political Landscape:
Mexico boasts a rich and complex history, home to ancient Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec. It was conquered by Spain in the 16th century, leading to a long period of mexico mobile numbers list colonial rule. Mexico gained independence in 1821 and has since experienced periods of political turbulence, including revolutions and a civil war. It is now a federal presidential republic.

In a significant political event in June 2024, Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) party was elected as Mexico's first female president, taking office on October 1, 2024. This election also saw MORENA and its allies secure a supermajority in the lower house of Congress and a majority in the Senate. As of mid-2025, the Sheinbaum administration is expected to continue the policy playbook of the previous administration, focusing on nationalist and populist agendas. Proposed constitutional reforms, particularly to the judicial branch (with elections for federal judges in June 2025) and potential changes to the electoral system, could weaken independent institutions and consolidate power in the executive branch. This concentration of power raises concerns about checks and balances and democratic governance, potentially leading to a more authoritarian, one-party system.

Culture and Demographics:
Mexico is renowned for its vibrant and diverse culture, a rich fusion of indigenous traditions (from Aztec and Mayan heritage, among others) and Spanish colonial influences. Spanish is the official language, spoken by the vast majority of the population. However, more than 50 indigenous languages are also spoken by significant numbers of people. The population of Mexico is estimated to be over 129 million (as of 2024), making it the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The majority of the population is Mestizo (mixed indigenous and European descent), with significant Indigenous and European minorities. While there is no official religion, Roman Catholicism is predominant, often blended with traditional indigenous beliefs. Mexican culture is globally recognized for its colorful festivals (like Día de Muertos), traditional music (mariachi), vibrant arts (murals, folk art), and a world-renowned cuisine that is a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Economy (as of mid-2025):
Mexico has a large and diversified emerging economy, closely integrated with the United States through trade, particularly under the USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement).